The Winchester cartridge case was of a relatively obsolete cartridge loading, which had been discontinued from production some years earlier. [115], The defense promptly appealed again to the Supreme Judicial Court and presented their arguments on January 27 and 28, 1927. "[181] On January 3, 1929, as Gov. He submitted affidavits questioning Hamilton's credentials as well as his performance during the New York trial of Charles Stielow, in which Hamilton's testimony linking rifling marks to a bullet used to kill the victim nearly sent an innocent man to the electric chair. 265273; Young and Kaiser, pp. The New York World attacked Thayer as "an agitated little man looking for publicity and utterly impervious to the ethical standards one has the right to expect of a man presiding in a capital case. He did not pardon them, because that would imply they were guilty. Sacco and Vanzetti's plight was a cause clbrea sensational case that . Yet both hurt their case with rambling discourses on radical politics that the prosecution mocked. On August 3, 1927, the governor refused to exercise his power of clemency; his advisory committee agreed with this stand. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Anti-Italianism, anti-immigrant, and anti-anarchist bias were suspected as having heavily influenced the verdict. The publication of the men's letters, containing eloquent professions of innocence, intensified belief in their wrongful execution. The sense of fear and anxiety over the rising tide of immigration came to a head with the trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. [183], Following the SJC's assertion that it could not order a new trial even if there was new evidence that "would justify a different verdict," a movement for "drastic reform" quickly took shape in Boston's legal community. [14][15][16] Publication of Cronaca Sovversiva was suppressed in July 1918, and the government deported Galleani and eight of his closest associates on June 24, 1919. 182184. Such details reinforced the difference between the Italians and the jurors. The June 1926 issue of Protesta Umana, published by their Defense Committee, carried an article signed by Sacco and Vanzetti that appealed for retaliation by their colleagues. Vanzetti testified that he had been selling fish at the time of the Braintree robbery. The case of Sacco and Vanzetti drew international attention and is still debated today. 141ff. On November 18, 1925, Celestino Madeiros, then under a sentence for murder, confessed that he had participated in the crime with the Joe Morelli gang. 4243, 4546; Ehrmann, pp. No one testified to seeing anyone take the gun, but Berardelli had an empty holster and no gun on him when he was found. The choice of Moore, a former attorney for the Industrial Workers of the World, proved a key mistake for the defense. Tropp, p. 171, Mussolini's telegram to the Italian consul in Boston, July 23, 1927. "[177][178] While doing research for the book, Sinclair was told confidentially by Sacco and Vanzetti's former lawyer Fred H. Moore that the two were guilty and that he (Moore) had supplied them with fake alibis; Sinclair was inclined to believe that that was, indeed, the case, and later referred to this as an "ethical problem", but he did not include the information about the conversation with Moore in his book. [31] The car was delivered for repairs four days after the Braintree crimes, but it was old and apparently had not been run for five months. Elizabeth A. Brennan, Elizabeth C. Clarage, Ali Shehad Zaidi, "Powerful Compassion: The Strike At Syracuse," in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Mussolini, Sacco-Vanzetti, and the Anarchists: The Transatlantic Context", "Sacco and Vanzetti Put to Death Early This Morning", "Chicago Anarchists Held in Poison Plot," February 14, 1916, "Sacco & Vanzetti: Investigation and arrest", Firearms Identification in the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, Louis Stark, "What Seven Years of Legal Struggle Have Developed," April 17, 1927, "Green Begs Fuller to Extend Clemency to Sacco," August 9, 1927, "Last Statement of Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1929", "Ex-Judge Grant, Boston Novelist," May 20, 1940, "Judge Thayer Dies in Boston at 75," April 19, 1933, "Advisers Hold Guilt Shown," Aug. 7, 1927, "Sacco and Vanzetti: Murderers or martyrs? Gov.Alvan T. Fuller appointed an independent advisory committee consisting of Pres. Some have suggested they did so because of cowardice. He used the case to complain that Americans were too sensitive to foreign criticism: "One can scarcely let a sentence that is not highly flattering glance across the Atlantic without some American blowing up. On June 1, 1927, he appointed an Advisory Committee of three: President Abbott Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, President Samuel Wesley Stratton of MIT, and Probate Judge Robert Grant. On May 31, 1921, they were brought to trial before Judge Webster Thayer of the Massachusetts Superior Court, and on July 14 both were found guilty by verdict of the jury. "[148] The Committee knew that, following the verdict, Boston Globe reporter Frank Sibley, who had covered the trial, wrote a protest to the Massachusetts attorney general condemning Thayer's blatant bias. [101][104] The Court did not have the authority to review the trial record as a whole or to judge the fairness of the case. Sacco worked as a skilled craftsman at several shoe factories. Sacco & Vanzetti: Justice on Trial | Mass.gov He believes that their execution was a miscarriage of justice. Wells. Thayer later claimed that the SJC had "approved" the verdicts, which advocates for the defendants protested as a misinterpretation of the Court's ruling, which only found "no error" in his individual rulings. You wait till I give my charge to the jury, I'll show them! Two days before Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested, a Galleanist named Andrea Salsedo fell to his death from the US Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation (BOI) offices on the 14th floor of 15 Park Row in New York City. Charles Van Amburgh of Springfield Armory and Capt. Edgar B. Herwick III @ebherwick3. Johnson and Avrich suggest that the government prosecuted Sacco and Vanzetti for the robbery-murders as a convenient means to put a stop to their militant activities as Galleanists, whose bombing campaign at the time posed a lethal threat, both to the government and to many Americans. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Sacco and vanzetti 45 imdb 7 0 1h 20min 2007 13 the story of nicola sacco and bartolomeo vanzetti two italian immigrant anarchists accused of murder and executed in boston in 1927 after a notoriously prejudiced trial Updates? [66] Among the more important witnesses called by the prosecution was salesman Carlos E. Goodridge, who stated that as the getaway car raced within twenty-five feet of him, one of the car's occupants, whom he identified as being Sacco, pointed a gun in his direction. "You learned it just like a piece at school?" [99] Judge Thayer began private hearings to determine who had tampered with the evidence by switching the barrel on Sacco's gun. Demonstrations followed in a number of Latin American cities. "[5][163] Following the executions, death masks were made of the men. It sent speakers to Italian communities in factory towns and mining camps. Two days after the robbery, police located the robbers' Buick; several 12-gauge shotgun shells were found on the ground nearby. Judge Thayer denied their motion in November 1924. Sacco, saying he had nothing to hide, had allowed his gun to be test-fired, with experts for both sides present, during the trial's second week. A series of appeals followed, funded largely by the private Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee. After seven years of legal battles, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed just after midnight on August 23, 1927. [30], When Chief Stewart later arrived at the Coacci home, only Buda was living there, and when questioned, he said that Coacci owned a .32 Savage automatic pistol, which he kept in the kitchen. [94], Multiple separate motions for a new trial were denied by Judge Thayer. However, Thayer said nothing about such a move during the hearing on the gun barrel switch and refused to blame either side. Sacco and Vanzetti case - Students - Britannica Kids Sacco and Vanzetti, in full Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, defendants in a controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, U.S. (192127), that resulted in their executions. Prejudice at the trial of Sacco & Vanzetti - Smarthistory [101] While the appeal was under consideration, Harvard law professor and future Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter published an article in the Atlantic Monthly arguing for a retrial. The prosecution also brought out that both men had fled the draft by going to Mexico in 1917. It is generally agreed that a second trial should have been granted and that the refusal to do so was clearly unfair. The panel's reading of the trial transcript convinced them that Thayer "tried to be scrupulously fair." Its principal proposal addressed the SJC's right to review. Europe is not "retrying" Sacco and Vanzetti or anything of the sort. 4244. Explains that nativist americans feared and hated the changes in america in the 1920s, and blamed immigrants as a scapegoat for them. [70][71] All witnesses to the shooting testified that they saw one gunman shoot Berardelli four times, yet the defense never questioned how only one of four bullets found in the deceased guard was identified as being fired from Sacco's Colt. On April 15, 1920, a. They had radical. Some testified in imperfect English, others through an interpreter, whose inability to speak the same dialect of Italian as the witnesses hampered his effectiveness. "[116], At the same time, Major Calvin Goddard was a ballistics expert who had helped pioneer the use of the comparison microscope in forensic ballistic research. "[119] The SJC also said: "It is not imperative that a new trial be granted even though evidence is newly discovered and, if presented to a jury, would justify a different verdict. Analyzes how nicola sacco and bartolomeo vanzetti were convicted and executed for a series of crimes in bridgewater and south braintree. "I guess that will hold them for a while! [153], A defense attorney later noted ruefully that the release of the Committee's report "abruptly stilled the burgeoning doubts among the leaders of opinion in New England. 450458, For Vanzetti's complete statement to the court, from which this quotation is excerpted, see, Bortman, p. 60: "An East German scholar researching in the Soviet Union archives in 1958 discovered that the Communist Party had instigated these 'spontaneous demonstrations. Kempton, pp. "[101][112], Three days later, the Boston Herald responded to Thayer's decision by reversing its longstanding position and calling for a new trial. Sacco and Vanzetti, 1921 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Canzoni contro la guerra - Thoughts about Sacco and Vanzetti [101] Summarizing the decision, The New York Times said that the SJC had determined that "the judge had a right to rule as he did" but that the SJC "did not deny the validity of the new evidence. In Vanzettis last statement to the court, on April 9, 1927, he said in part: This is what I say: I would not wish to a dog or to a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the earthI would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things that I am not guilty of. Nicola Sacco (pronounced[nikla sakko]; April 22, 1891 August 23, 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (pronounced[bartolomo vantsetti, -dzet-]; June 11, 1888 August 23, 1927) were Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter, a guard and a paymaster, during the April 15, 1920, armed robbery of the Slater and Morrill Shoe Company in Braintree, Massachusetts, United States. Seven years later, they were executed in the electric chair at Charlestown State Prison. The clerk also remembered the date, April 15, 1920, but he refused to return to the United States to testify (a trip requiring two ship voyages), citing his ill health. [citation needed], Authorities anticipated a possible bomb attack and had the Dedham courtroom outfitted with heavy, sliding steel doors and cast-iron shutters that were painted to appear wooden. In F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story, "Six of One" (1932), one of the characters is said to have been "arrested in the Sacco-Vanzetti demonstrations". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). When searched by police, both denied owning any guns, but were found to be holding loaded pistols. Thousands of marchers took part in the procession, and over 200,000 came out to watch. Demonstrations proceeded in many cities throughout the world, and bombs were set off in New York City and Philadelphia. Defense attorney Moore radicalized and politicized the process by discussing Sacco and Vanzetti's anarchist beliefs, attempting to suggest that they were prosecuted primarily for their political beliefs and the trial was part of a government plan to stop the anarchist movement in the United States. N icola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti weren't famous during most of their lives. Sacco and Vanzetti were anarchists, believing that social justice would come only through the destruction of governments. Numerous towns in Italy have streets named after Sacco and Vanzetti, including Via Sacco-Vanzetti in Torremaggiore, Sacco's home town; and Villafalletto, Vanzetti's. "[133] The article made a reference to La Salute in voi!, the title of Galleani's bomb-making manual. Proctor signed an affidavit stating that he could not positively identify Sacco's .32 Colt as the only pistol that could have fired Bullet III. [173] As late as 1932, Judge Thayer's home was wrecked and his wife and housekeeper were injured in a bomb blast. Three weeks later, two poor Italian immigrants were arrested and charged with robbery and murder. After weeks of secret deliberation that included interviews with the judge, lawyers, and several witnesses, the commission upheld the verdict. [170], Sacco's ashes were sent to Torremaggiore, the town of his birth, where they are interred at the base of a monument erected in 1998. Screen Shot 2023-04-29 at 11.19.01 AM.png - 6. What did the As details of the trial and the men's suspected innocence became known, Sacco and Vanzetti became the center of one of the largest causes clbres in modern history. It argued that a judge would benefit from a full review of a trial, and that no one man should bear the burden in a capital case. "[36] He accused Vahey of having conspired with the prosecutor "to agitate still more the passion of the juror, the prejudice of the juror" towards "people of our principles, against the foreigner, against slackers. Sacco and Vanzetti Case 90 Years Later: What to Know | Time He stated he had lunched in Boston's North End with several friends, each of whom testified on his behalf. [60] The defense raised only minor objections in an appeal that was not accepted. 257260; Tropp reproduces the original note Medeiros passed to Sacco in prison, Tropp, p. 34; on Medeiros's early life, see Russell. 60 Years Later, A Report Says Sacco Was Guilty, But Vanzetti Innocent Just after midnight on Aug 23, 1927, 90 years ago today, the anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were sent to the . "[149], On July 1213, 1927, following testimony by the defense firearms expert Albert H. Hamilton before the Committee, the Assistant District Attorney for Massachusetts, Dudley P. Ranney, took the opportunity to cross-examine Hamilton. There is need in Massachusetts of a great man tonight. [86] Differences arose when Moore tried to determine who had committed the Braintree crimes over objections from anarchists that he was doing the government's work. Young and Kaiser, pp. History of the Sacco and Vanzetti Case - ThoughtCo Ballads of Sacco and Vanzetti una raccolta di ballate folk scritte e interpretate dal cantautore americano Woody Guthrie, ispirate alla vicenda di Sacco e Vanzetti. Sacco and Vanzetti Flashcards | Quizlet Sacco tried the cap on in court and, according to two newspaper sketch artists who ran cartoons the next day, it was too small, sitting high on his head. Celestino Medeiros, whose execution had been delayed in case his testimony was required at another trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, was executed first. Police speculated that Italian anarchists perpetrated the robberies to finance their activities. [105], In November 1925, Celestino Medeiros, an ex-convict awaiting trial for murder, confessed to committing the Braintree crimes. On May 5 Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists who had immigrated to the United States in 1908, one a shoemaker and the other a fish peddler, were arrested for the crime. On April 15, 1920, two employees of a shoe factory were shot and killed in South Braintree, Massachusetts. The outburst remained a secret until 1927 when its release fueled the arguments of Sacco and Vanzetti's defenders. [20] According to anarchist writer Carlo Tresca, Elia changed his story later, stating that Federal agents had thrown Salsedo out the window. Judge Webster Thayer What happened in the first trial? The Committee also reported that the trial jurors were almost unanimous in praising Thayer's conduct of the trial. He called their attention to Thayer's lengthy statement that accompanied his denial of the Medeiros appeal, describing it as "a farrago of misquotations, misrepresentations, suppressions, and mutilations," "honeycombed with demonstrable errors. [26], As the car was being driven away by Michael Codispoti, the robbers fired wildly at company workers nearby. 34, and Tropp, pp. See Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. The prosecution claimed Exhibit 27 belonged to the murdered guard Berardelli, on. 4. The "Sacco and Vanzetti Centuria" was an American anarchist military unit in the Durruti Column that fought in the Spanish Civil War. Berardelli's wife testified that she and her husband dropped off the gun for repair at the Iver Johnson Co. of Boston a few weeks before the murder. [157] On Sunday, August 21, more than 20,000 protesters assembled on Boston Common. Nicola Sacco ( pronounced [nikla sakko]; April 22, 1891 - August 23, 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti ( pronounced [bartolomo vantsetti, -dzet-]; June 11, 1888 - August 23, 1927) were Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter, a guard and a paymaster, during the [citation needed], The verdicts and the likelihood of death sentences immediately roused international opinion. The Committee also supported Moore's request for grant money. Testimony suggested that Sacco's gun had been treated with little care, and frequently disassembled for inspection. John W. Johnson has said that the authorities and jurors were influenced by strong anti-Italian prejudice and the prejudice against immigrants widely held at the time, especially in New England. Parmenter, paymaster of a shoe factory, and Alessandro Berardelli, the guard accompanying him, in order to secure the payroll that they were carrying. General Laws, 1939 ch. [189] Against charges of racism and racial prejudice, Paul Avrich and Brenda and James Lutz point out that both men were known anarchist members of a militant organization, members of which had been conducting a violent campaign of bombing and attempted assassinations, acts condemned by most Americans of all backgrounds. [25] But, he said that unclaimed guns were sold by Iver Johnson at the end of each year, and the shop had no record of an unclaimed gun sale of Berardelli's revolver. Were Sacco and Vanzetti Guilty of Murder? | HowStuffWorks [190][191] Though in general anarchist groups did not finance their militant activities through bank robberies, a fact noted by the investigators of the Bureau of Investigation, this was not true of the Galleanist group. [3][4] The two were scheduled to die in April 1927, accelerating the outcry. The gun was claimed and the half-hour repair paid for, though the date and identity of the claimant were not recorded. [198] Others who had known Tresca confirmed that he had made similar statements to them,[198] but Tresca's daughter insisted her father never hinted at Sacco's guilt. The guilt or innocence of these two Italians is not the issue that has excited the opinion of the world. "[151], After two weeks of hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence, the Committee determined that the trial had been fair and a new trial was not warranted. Sacco, a shoemaker, and Vanzetti, a fish seller, were accused of murdering two men during an armed robbery at a factory in Braintree, Massachusetts in 1920. For many years there was much support for the belief . [30][38] In 1921, a booby trap bomb mailed to the American ambassador in Paris exploded, wounding his valet. [66] However, the shop books did not record the gun's serial number, and the caliber was apparently incorrectly labeled as .32 instead of .38-caliber. Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with committing robbery and murder at the Slater and Morrill shoe factory in South Braintree. Sacco and Vanzetti's supporters would later argue that the men fled the country to avoid persecution and conscription; their critics said they left to escape detection and arrest for militant and seditious activities in the United States. Summary of Evidence in the Sacco & Vanzetti Case - Famous Trials The Sacco and Vanzetti Case and its Impact | Arthur Ashe Legacy "Judge Wyzanski Makes History: Sacco and Vanzetti Reconvicted", "Sinclair Letter Turns Out to Be Another Expose", "Sliming a Famous Muckraker: The Untold Story", "Massachusetts Admits Sacco-Vanzetti Injustice", "Governor Dukakis Discusses Impending Exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti", "Sacco-Vanzetti Vote Reversed," August 16, 1977, Rick Collins, "Forgotten victims: Descendants say both were hard-working family men,", "A Moscow Railway Miscellany, Russia, 2010", "Malamut earns Eagle Scout ranking Jewish Journal", "The Wheels of Justice, Circa 1927, via a Robot and Herky-Jerky Puppets", "The Good Shoemaker and the Poor Fish Peddler", The Roger Reynolds Collection: List of Works, "Music: A Hell of a Noble Story," March 7, 1960, "Ben Shahn, 18981969: The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, 193132", Brooks Atkinson, "'Winterset' and Mr. Anderson," October 6, 1935, "Kurt Vonnegut on Jailbird, His Watergate Novel", "Geary Recounts "The Lives of Sacco & Vanzetti", La marcia del dolore I funerali di Sacco e Vanzetti Una storia del Novecento, Sacco & Vanzetti (Cronologia Strumenti di ricerca), Boston: A Documentary Novel of the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair: America on Trial, The Sacco and Vanzetti Commemoration Society, Carol Vanderveer, "American Writers and the Sacco-Vanzetti Case", 2001, Sacco-Vanzetti Trial newspaper clippings, AprilNovember 1927, Citizens National Committee for Sacco-Vanzetti/Sacco-Vanzetti National League, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Critical Analysis for Lawyers and Laymen, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background, Deacons at First Church and Parish in Dedham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacco_and_Vanzetti&oldid=1149989018, 20th-century executions of American people, People convicted of murder by Massachusetts, People executed by Massachusetts by electric chair, Political repression in the United States, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2023, Articles with dead external links from April 2023, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2019, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 1999, People's Light & Theatre Company in. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Settling in Massachusetts, Sacco worked as a shoe factory edge trimmer, while Vanzetti was a fishmonger. Their deaths, however, earned a front-page headline in. "[125], Others who wrote to Fuller or signed petitions included Albert Einstein, George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Five of these .32-caliber bullets were all fired from a single semi-automatic pistol, a .32-caliber Savage Model 1907, which used a particularly narrow-grooved barrel rifling with a right-hand twist. He called it "a case like the Dreyfus case, by which the soul of a people is tested and displayed." In these circumstances a verdict of not guilty would have been very unusual". In October 1927, H. G. Wells wrote an essay that discussed the case at length. [139], Thayer declared that the responsibility for the conviction rested solely with the jury's determination of guilt. Charles Van Amburgh, to reinspect Sacco's Colt and determine its condition. Yet defense attorney Fred Moore felt he had to call both Sacco and Vanzetti as witnesses to let them explain why they were fully armed when arrested. But they also found some of the charges about his statements unbelievable or exaggerated, and they determined that anything he might have said had no impact on the trial. In Braintree, Massachusetts on the corner of French Avenue and Pearl Street, a memorial marks the site of the murders. From Felix Frankfurter's account from The Atlantic Monthly article: Viewing the scene from a distance of from sixty to eighty feet, she saw a man previously unknown to her in a car traveling at the rate of from fifteen to eighteen miles per hour, and she saw him only for a distance of about thirty feetthat is to say, for from one and a half to three seconds. Sacco and Vanzetti return to the United States. [65], The Commonwealth relied on evidence that Sacco was absent from his work in a shoe factory on the day of the murders; that the defendants were in the neighborhood of the Braintree robbery-murder scene on the morning when it occurred, being identified as having been there seen separately and also together; that the Buick getaway car was also in the neighborhood and that Vanzetti was near and in it; that Sacco was seen near the scene of the murders before they occurred and also was seen to shoot Berardelli after Berardelli fell and that that shot caused his death; that used shell casings were left at the scene of the murders, some of which could have been found to have been discharged from a .32 pistol afterwards found on Sacco; that a cap was found at the scene of the murders, which witnesses identified as resembling one formerly worn by Sacco; and that both men were members of anarchist cells that espoused violence, including assassination. [39] For the next six years, bombs exploded at other American embassies all over the world. [166], At Langone Funeral Home in Boston's North End, more than 10,000 mourners viewed Sacco and Vanzetti in open caskets over two days. Two lives don't mean too much to men like you. Corrections? At the funeral parlor, a wreath over the caskets announced In attesa l'ora della vendetta (Awaiting the hour of vengeance). Among the dozen or more violent acts was the bombing of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's home on June 2, 1919. One, a bookkeeper named Mary Splaine, precisely described Sacco as the man she saw firing from the getaway car. Mario Buda readily told an interviewer: "Andavamo a prenderli dove c'erano" ("We used to go and get it [money] where it was")meaning factories and banks. Although several historians of the case, including Francis Russell, have reported this story as factual, nowhere in transcripts of the private hearing on the gun barrel switch was this incident ever mentioned. Others cited evidence of xenophobia in some of his novels, references to "riff-raff" and a variety of racial slurs. [209] However, Sinclair also expressed in those letters doubts as to whether Moore deserved to be trusted in the first place, and he did not actually assert the innocence of the two in the novel, focusing instead on the argument that the trial they got was not fair. they did not. The Los Angeles Times interprets subsequent letters as indicating that, to avoid loss of sales to his radical readership, particularly abroad, and due to fears for his own safety, Sinclair didn't change the premise of his novel in that respect. Sacco and Vanzetti - Immigration - WJEC - BBC Bitesize
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