He's also changed the way political leaders talk. The intensity of his ego can also be revealed by the fact that the most specific term in his dialogue is also the pronoun I (see Table 6). In this table, one can see another interesting fact related to the frequencies of the pronouns we and I. Start your introduction paragraph with an attention-getter or hook. Barack Obama Inaugural Address: Analysis Introduction. The Type-Token Ratio (TTR) or the relationship between the vocabulary size and the number of word types (Baayen, 2008) corresponds to our last global stylistic measure. endobj Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. MERCIECA: It's been my pleasure. Article. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty generalization? This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). Students then evaluate the impact of the The set of all distinct word types forms the vocabulary, denoted by V, while the text length is represented by n. Some statistics about candidates speeches and comments. President Lincoln was a skilled statesman, orator, and . electoral speeches, party manifestos, Web sites of the candidates, social networks information flow). Similar themes appear under several candidates with different terminology such as caliphate (Bush), Islamic (Cruz), ISIL (OMalley). Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) The students will discuss their speeches and their research thus far. In this study, P0 corresponds to all comments by a given candidate, while P1 denotes all other comments and remarks. O "The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.". Table 4 presents these distributions, in percentage, over the nine candidates. As it is extracted from a transcript, the sentence is not necessarily syntactically perfect. None of these terms appears here. With the immigration issue for example, Trump prefers using the term immigration presenting this question more at an abstract level. MERCIECA: First of all, he communicates like a demagogue and not like a president. 'we, us, ours', or 'wars, war') or lemmas (dictionary entries such as 'we' or 'war . Students explore the ways that powerful and passionate words communicate the concepts of freedom, justice, discrimination, and the American Dream in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. The Labbs measure (Labb, 2007) has however demonstrated its effectiveness in various authorship attribution problems such as in literary works (Labb and Labb, 2006), in historical newspaper articles (Savoy, 2013), or in political speeches (Savoy, 2015d). Read the first three paragraphs of Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. 3), one can concludewith less than 1% chance of errorthat the term is significantly over-used in P0. One can complement this study by considering the terms ignored or used very infrequently in this primary election. . Nearly everything we read and hear is an argument. By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. With this foundation, even if you are just starting out, you can become . Hutchinson's rhetoric was powerful, persuasive, and often controversial. With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. This estimator has the drawback of being instable, tending to decrease with text length (Baayen, 2008). The appeal to political sentiment: An analysis of Donald Trump's and Hillary Clinton's speech themes and discourse strategies in the 2016 US presidential election. To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. his goal of persuading steel companies to lower their prices back down was successful due to his rhetorical strategy. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. Mandela's written speech is eloquently written, in flowing sentences with dramatic and convincing language. The author wants to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and remarks. Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidenti, clauses: building and refining compound and c, Clauses: Building and Refining Compound and C, Writing and Argumentative Essay about the Nob, Analyzing Rhetorical Techniques in Machiavell, ELA 10 - Analyzing a Seminal US Document (Pre, Analyzing Ideas, Structure, and Purpose in Ma, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, AP English Language Glossary (***Rhetorical T. Several factors influencing the style are therefore fixed. SHAPIRO: When you look in total at the changes that Trump has brought to presidential rhetoric, what do you see as the cumulative effect, especially right now when the U.S. is in a public health emergency, a reckoning about race and an inability to even agree on basic facts, like vaccines work or Biden won a free and fair election? For a given term ti, its absolute frequency in P0 is given by tfi0, and in P1 by tfi1. After all the election is the process to select one person. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their word identification strategies, and their understanding of textual features (e.g., sound-letter correspondence, sentence structure, context, graphics). Therefore, making his speech very influential to Obama getting his point across. This lesson has been aligned to standards in the following states. Remind them to refer to the. SHAPIRO: What do you mean when you say that? When looking more at the content of their utterances, one can also observe differences between the candidates. No general theory specifies precisely the k value, but a value from 200 to 500 represents a pertinent choice justified by various studies (Savoy, 2015b). That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. Alliteration: Two or more words in a row that start with the same sound. The rhetorical modes include description, exposition, narration, and persuasion/argumentation. Looking at the most frequent lemmas in the Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1982), the first two are the same, but after them the order changes. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. These three speeches are President Barack Obamas speech to children in 2009, George H.W. Ask students to share their outlines and thesis statements. Trump or Clinton). President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. X European trade unionists Former President Bushs Defends War in Iraq Speech. xksg#N=f%qI>P$EHF& 1E]~O6m6lzf~?|\N?xX-O?m6jF/:'g gMN7~-_/NLf/_4Y!'Y#;rlS?5/~|lxR:M` In the current study, the stylistic elements will be the words appearing in the functional words list (409 entries), and used previously in defining the LD measure. Lead a discussion of the speech as an argument with regard to purpose and intent. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Rhetorical Analysis. On the other hand, when all those types are lexical words, PTC reaches the maximum value of 1.0 or 100%. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, I would I had that corporal soundness: Pervez Rizvi's Analysis of the Word Adjacency Network Method of Authorship Attribution, Provenance visualization: Tracing people, processes, and practices through a data-driven approach to provenance, Proverbs as indicators of proficiency for art-generating AI, A new approach for the construction of historical databasesNoSQL Document-oriented databases: the example of AtlantoCracies, The Digital Reading Condition. Note. To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. Obama uses rhetoric to achieve presenting his message of creating hope and change together in America while fixing the economic and social challenges and issues left behind from the previous president. Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. 2. The rhetorical situation is the context out of a which a text is created. and appeals before you start. Presidential Studies Quarterly SHAPIRO: Tell us about the significance of that, those actual physical threats. How were the respective nominees able to win the primaries according to their speeches? We have launched the new ReadWriteThink.org and we would love to get your feedback: Students practice the Pre-AP strategy called SOAPSTone, identifying important parts of the Gettysburg Address and comparing it with John F. Kennedy's inaugural speech. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. 3 0 obj None of the other Democrat candidates shows a clear intensive use of this pronoun. It should be noted that, regarding the four indices, Clinton is closer to OMalley or Cruz than to Trump. Presidential Studies Quarterly (PSQ) is the only scholarly journal that focuses on the most powerful political figure in the world the president of the United States. Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. For the Democrats (Hillary Clinton, Martin OMalley, and Bernie Sanders), one can count nine TV debates held from 13 October 2015 (with five candidates) to 9 March 2016 (with two candidates). A more general overview of using different computer-based strategy to detect and extract topical information from political texts can be found in (Grimmer and Stewart, 2013). Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. To define an overall measurement of the style, various studies have proposed different measures. D) A quick judgment is made without the use of evidence. DyI3d\a W=? >26}?=#^j4dA]pT@/ k= QtdE{~OL_DoQ*V\H'9/hP^EI0mewZ. O to convince the audience that there are limited options. Essay Rubric: This rubric is used as a guide for students as they are writing their essay, and for teachers to use as a grading tool. For example, from data depicted in Table 2, Trump, Clinton, and Sander prefers using I instead of we, while Kasich, OMalley, and Bush are using more frequently the pronoun we. identify an authors purposeful manipulation of language. appear regularly in the first two ranks. Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863. JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? These examples indicate clearly that the style is changing over time. stream In the three sentences above, most of the words are less than six letters long (short words), and many of them are functional words (explaining his low LD). COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. endobj The two closest candidates are Clinton and Sanders (0.346), while the second shortest distance (0.360) joins Trump with Kasich. This is indicated when Trump scrutinizes Obama as a leader by . Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. Data depicted in Table 4 indicate that OMalley is the candidate choosing most frequently the noun construction (largest percentage of nouns, and adjectives). What are bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity? Times of crisis in America can be defining moments in a political career and many have had the opportunity to change the national climate with their words and mastery of rhetorical . Recently, Popescu (2009) and Cech et al. The second proposes to consider four overall stylistic measurements and applies them to the different candidates while the last sub-section describes the differences in the distribution of the grammatical categories between candidates. analyze a speech for rhetorical devices and their purpose. 1 May 2023. grounded on personal pronouns (Pennebaker, 2011)). If time permits, discuss how politicians and speech writers employ rhetorical strategies to influence the opinions of their audience members. They then draft two conclusions for their essay, select one, and reflect on what they have learned through the process. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). As previously with Trump, the first person singular pronoun is clearly over-used (I, me). How does repetition create meaning in this excerpt? To reflect the style, one can consider the k top most frequent lemmas from our electoral corpus. (2015) have proposed an h-point to measure the thematic concentration of a text. Sanders answers and remarks are clearly more focused on a few topics. MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. Students then evaluate the impact of the This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Who is Reagan's intended audience for this part of his speech? Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. For example, G. W. Bush used more frequently the pronoun I, positive emotion words (e.g. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty . Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. Photo by Rowland Scherman. For example, "each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda . Search for other works by this author on: As a second stylistic indicator, the lexical density (denoted LD in. Political texts have been the subject of various studies discussing different aspects of them. head, ache, sleep). % So scholars call that stochastic terrorism. Grounded on this measure, one can compute the intertextual distance between all nine candidates. What was the speaker up against? Nikki Giovanni's poem "The Funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr." is paired with Dr. King's "I Have a Dream" speech, taking students on a quest through time to the Civil Rights movement. A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD J. TRUMP'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS DANIELLE F. DICKERSON 2019 In this thesis, I utilized three distinct theories (ideographs, dramatism, and the bully pulpit) to rhetorically analyze and assess President Trump's 2017 inaugural address. Jennifer Mercieca studies American political rhetoric at Texas A&M University, and she's the author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". Myself and the future government? _ :J~c%|l2\V-11fa[bOG;^Ba) QUnw(?HnKx6x. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. You may also use the glossary to help you. The last example illustrates how Trump can push away his opponents to place himself in the center of the debate. Me and the people? Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. How? Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. With this choice, the person can be viewed by the audience as distant and cold (Pennebaker, 2011). Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. From a topical perspective, our analysis generates a map showing the affinities between candidates. Table 1 reports the vocabulary size (number of distinct word types) for each candidate (under the row Voc.) as well as the total number of word tokens (row Token). As demonstrated previously, Trump opted for a simple and direct communication style, preferring short sentences with simple words. Which statement from a city mayor's speech is an example of hyperbole? Barnum, trying to, you know, redirect our attention and yet keep our attention all of the time. The word debt appears in some utterances, but mainly in the context of the education debt for the Democrats. Me and the Congress?). These are effective because it brings almost a third dimension to his speech. The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. As shown previously, the h-point is rather small, and thus, the words reflecting more the style (e.g. Here's an example of a rhetorical essay introduction to a speech from president trump: Rhetorical Essay Introduction - Example. 1 depicts three main groups, one Democrat, and two Republicans. Moreover, the temporal period of the documents constitutes an important factor explaining the variations between presidents or prime ministers. Download. Le discours des premiers ministres qubcois: 1960-2005. Check your understanding of various theories on the nature of intelligence by matching the names of their originators with the brief descriptions of the given theory's main theme. MERCIECA: Yeah, so one of Trump's rhetorical strategies has been to use ad baculum, which is Latin and means threats of force or intimidation. Donald Trump's rhetoric has elicited comparisons to former Alabama governor George Wallace. The presence of a strong leader is usually accompanied with a real change in the style and vocabulary of governmental speeches (Labb and Monire, 2003; Savoy, 2015c). What is the impact of the loaded language in this paragraph? we, us, ours, or wars, war) or lemmas (dictionary entries such as we or war from the previous example) often lead to similar conclusions. 1 0 obj And so what that means is that you can't predict who exactly will respond, but you can predict with certainty that someone will respond. The technical term is basic level. But I watch you a lot. However, the binomial formulation is easier to use and gives a good approximation. Ready to begin? <> Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. Bush, Kasich) with OMalley having a very distinctive style in this point of view. analyze the effects of the rhetorical devices on the delivered speech. According to several overall stylistic indicators, candidate Trump clearly adopted a simple and direct communication style, avoiding complex formulation and vocabulary. They don't like seeing bad trade deals, they don't like seeing higher taxes, they don't like seeing a loss of their jobs where our jobs have just been devastated. (D. Trump, 10 March 2016), Im spending all of my money, Im not spending, I'm not getting any, I turned down, I turn down so much, I could have right now from special interests and donors, I could have double and triple what he's got. (D. Trump, 16 September 2015), Just excuse me, one second, Rand, if you don't mind, Rand, you know, you are on last, you do have your 1 percent. (D. Trump, 16 September 2015). Dont vote for the other one, Analysis Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Finding her voice: Hillary Clinton Rhetoric in the 2008 presidential campaign, Presidential Campaigns. Hillary Clinton can also be characterized by a large use of the pronoun I (fourth most frequent lemma, see Table 2) that is also over-used (see Table 6). Students learn how to play "devil's advocate" by evaluating sports reforms, reading an engaging non-fiction article, and participating in a town hall meeting in which they represent the interests of various stakeholders to generate debate and develop critical thinking skills. Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. 1. Finally, the terms and sentences specific to each candidate will be computed and some examples will be given. To achieve this objective, this study analyzes the oral communication forms used by the candidates during the TV debates. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. happy, truly, win), and the future tense. %PDF-1.5 Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. Request Permissions, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress. The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. Explain. They defined the psychological portrait both on single measurements (e.g. In State of the Union speeches by Obama, the absolute frequency of the article the and the pronoun we is very similar. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. This rhetoric problem was recognized by previous US president such as President Johnson who told his speechwriters: I want four-letter words, and I want four sentences to the paragraph. (Hart, 1984). State the type of speech being analyzed and where it took place. I, me). endobj This assignment requires students to look for those elements. In another study, Yu (2013) reveals that (political) feminine figures tend to use emotional words more frequently and employ more personal pronouns than men. Which sentence from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a bandwagon appeal? Usually, a longer sentence is more complex to understand, especially in the oral communication form. So when you have a president using those rhetorical strategies sort of every day, you know, using it against the media, using it against members of his own party, using it against the political opposition, what it is essentially is a call to warfare. For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. Using graphical views to represent results of stylistic analysis is not new in quantitative linguistics studies. In this table, the personal pronouns are depicted in bold. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). You know, in a way, he's like an authoritarian P.T. Washington, DC - Two decades ago, on May 1, 2003, then-US President George W Bush declared "major combat operations in Iraq have ended" in a speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln . "Since rhetoric is the art of effective communication, its principles can be applied to many facets of everyday life" (Lamb 109). Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). Slight lexical differences can sometimes be important because, as mentioned by Lakoff and Wehling (2012), language is politics. Like to punch him in the face, I'll tell you. What is the main reason a speaker might use exclusive language? jobs/nns job/nn) or by substituting inflectional suffixes of verbs (e.g. It is assumed that, for any term ti, its distribution follows a binomial law, with parameters n0 and p(ti) representing the probability of the term ti being randomly selected from the entire corpus. Direct students to, Remind students that their work will be evaluate using the. The current analysis follows this principle to consider the style, on the one hand and, on the other, the content. High values indicate the presence of a rich vocabulary showing that the underlying text exposes many different topics or that the author tends to present a theme from several angles with different formulations. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g.
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