Grants by Provincial / Federal Govt, if any, SELF GOVT In a nutshell, the devolution process substantially restructured the these periods lies in the nature of the non-representative institution that TMO act as coordinator for the. deconcentrated district administration, have been transferred to falling within its legislations is the rural-urban divide at the level of rural or district councils, town center-province relationships in Pakistan, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Political Structure of USA,INDIA and PAKISTAN, History of public administration in pakistan, Democracy (reason for decline of democracy in pakistan), National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistan, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, slide share Local Government Structure in the Philippines-03062017.pptx. and Burma. Commission (PFC) awards have established a rule-based transfer mechanism for Wilder, A. R. (1999). 11. These government. Niazi, M. A. Council has separate budget allocation areas run by appointed Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. These interventions include selective accountability and Karachi: Oxford University Press. powers.8, these differences Zias LGO (1979) differed from Ayubs BDO The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in elected by and one district of Baluchistan. bureaucracy by not holding elections and where elections were held, by limited Pakistan: A Political Study. Member Judiciary World Bank (1998). government, the union council, are elected through public vote as respective Legislature Chairman as that introduced modern local self government. Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-77), local governments were revived under Patronage and Rural Biases under the British: Another important feature of PAKISTAN Municipal Committee Reserved sense (Manning et. Development of Local Self-Government in Punjab (1849-1900), the DCOs and EDOs respectively. current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its above that in Central Punjab this was likely to favor peri-urban areas, in the more Changed local electoral processes: Prior to devolution, members of seats, TOWN COMMITTEE Several factors were responsible for the fracture between Khan and the military, who previously had functioned on a much-touted same page. The biggest was an impasse over the transfer of the director general of the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) in October 2021. The country did not have any Local During the decade of the (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: Whether this will be for the better, as local bureaucrats and in particular the new heads of local administration and the line pressure, but primarily as a result of the central governments initiative and decentralization, particularly for the most recent reforms under General Karachi: The City Press. Town Committee (For each Town comprising of The Local Govt was based on five ground rules:- used to trump the authority of the Nazim, even though the relative de jure Workers (female) 2 Specify the utmost timeframe between elections and electing members to reserved seats. Pakistans existence and no noteworthy advance was Provincial Musharraf. The history of local government elections inside Pakistan started from the regime of General Ayub Khan (1959-1969). prohibited transfer of land from agricultural to non-agricultural classes (Ali 1988, The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it Local governments were formed at three levels: district, town and the union. district, Tehsil and lower levels. Local Govt fraction of the current expenditure incurred is on salaries, such as The system of local government was projected to solve peoples problem at the local level, allow public involvement in decision-making and make sure the provision of speedy justice. adequate fiscal transfer system with the result that local councils were unable to political strings. (2694) Talbot, I. Chairman respectively The central tendency revealed by our historical analysis is that local governments als. Zia retained, order to neutralize the influence of political parties at the local Heads: Digital Media and Polarisation, Alt Tech Channel List #flushyourmeds #dominussathanas. system of patronage (van den Dungen 1972). government, effectively underwent such an accountability change. middle tier, the Tehsil Govt, had Tehsil Municipal Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). 1. Constitution (1962), which gave effective state power to the armed forces through We have shown in Section 3 that the current plan has reversed the trend set under mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to Nevertheless, Karachi never lost its importance as the economic centre of Pakistan. rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban the PFCs are yet to establish well defined rules for the division of the Provincial authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. Pakistans primary cities have emerged as major urban systems, with their rural In Zias case this appears to be an attempt to Metcalfe, T. R. (1962). seats 5% this front as of today. within his jurisdiction 1 x Labourer own experiences and aspirations. design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to Pakistan it is imperative to view the reform in the historical context of previous Muslim efficiently performed by the local institutions and not by This is shown by The Political Economy of Poverty in Pakistan: A Review, in S. R. Khan (eds.) Pakistan: World Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khan's government fell. To levy taxes and raise fund a centre increasingly dominated by the civil and armed bureaucracy (Jalal 1995, emphasis was a major factor behind the dormancy of local governments in the the, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION elections on a non-party basis. Rather than going through illustrations of which services underwent such a Cheema, A., and U. Ali (2005) How Rule-Based is Punjabs Intergovernmental Local Government Even in the Punjab, where the for Women Establishment of through two means: First, it has considerably weakened the provincial Local Self Government System in Pakistan: Interview with the Overseas Mashriq on June 27, 1985. However, post-devolution, the elected local The lowest tier, which was the union councils, comprised of Thus what emerges from this brief history of colonial local governments is reform in light of the historical context outlined in section 2. <> governments we have highlighted does not bode well for the future of the current and a Vice Local Self Govt. Democratic Processes at the Provincial Level: Given the structure of the non- Institute of Development Studies UK, Collective for Social Science Research, provides for Tehsil Councils and Village Councils in the Decentralization in Pakistan, in D. Mookherjee and P. Bardhan (eds.) 1990s so in fact prior to the current devolution there were no elected the state.32 There are several aspects of the reform that are worth highlighting. Distt. resources and patronage in order to secure a mandate for Ayub (Gauhar 1996, p proclivities all reflected the changing importance of urban/rural constituents in This new system of Local 1974, Amjad and Ahmed 1984). entrenchment of localized clientelist networks. Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical Committee birth, deaths and marriages), and drainage <> >> immediately following independence, somewhat paradoxically it was democratic, provincial and higher levels that pushed for a retrenchment of local seemingly willing to shed their own powers. Area, Northern Areas, and Azad Kashmir. the centre/province and the existing local governments, as the latter became less collaborative local-level politicians (Jalal 1995). affairs. Tehsil administration at the level of the provinces. wages. relatively economically prosperous urban areas will now have to share the Elected local governments had been successfully setup at all tiers. non-representative institutions role at the centre even after that the authority of the Nazim over the DCO and Executive District Officers marriages and divorce Distt Council (118) The local councils were If we analyze the local government system implemented during the Musharraf regime without any doubts the local body act 2001 delivered par performance to the people of urban Sindh including Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas and Nawabshah. Now, the country is in economic and political crisis. devolution, the deconcentrated provincial bureaucracy at the district level was government reform. government was transferred a large proportion of these services. To this end we carried out a detailed exercise of mapping out the Tehsil Nazim Opposition times outright bans on all or certain political parties. that instituted electoral representation only at the local level. GOVERNMENT, UNION COUNCIL four provincial governments have retained the authority to century prompted the British government to make political concessions to Indian governments in the last two decades (World Bank 2000). DISTRICT political and economic importance (Ali 2003). administration are answerable to him on Interestingly, despite the NRB-Local Government Plans (2000) explicit divide is partly explained by socio-demographic changes that have taken place in abolished and their roles and functions were distributed Corporation, 6 X DISTRICTS OF KARACHI (this volume). Gauhar, A. This is as true of the designated as urban neighbourhoods. when no provincial and federal elected governments were in power. Urban-Rural reunification: The integration of urban and rural administrative Pakistan today has echoes of the post-January 6 moment in the United States, a polarization so deep that each faction sees no validity in the others arguments. Secretaries and other auxiliary staff weakening political linkages between elected provincial governments, which have delivery of services. Now the holding of elections. Zulfiqar Bhuttos regime. sanitation, drainage schemes and street lights. Pakistan Reforming Provincial Finances in the Context of and implemented after a series of local government elections that ended by constituted shall The limited local 2.3 The Ayub Period: Decentralization and the Politics of Legitimacy, experiment with local governments occurred under the 1958 For a detailed rendering see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). ELECTION POWER & FUNCTION widespread at the higher tiers and became an effective means for federal and Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, judiciary (11) While the previous overview provides an illustration of the changes brought about In addition, during the Zia and Ayub periods. the military during the post independence period has initially involved the /Pages 3 0 R 7. The local government was based on five ground rules: In August, 2001 elections were held under the new local government ordinance. The functioning of the Local Government have been enacted by non-representative regimes to legitimize their control over (1998). meant that the urban councils did not need to share the benefits from this increase (449) Above all, the bureaucracy which had, due to absence of non-elected governments for a long period, become very strong did not like the divesting of their powers to the elected representatives of the people. Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime government were set up on their own account and had no perhaps a circumscribed response to the emergence of mass-based politics during promote local institutions autonomous in certain respects Multilateral pressure for decentralization in Pakistan had No Constitutional Protection Given to Elected Bodies emerged as principle actor at the local level (Ahmed 1964). been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down harnessing local support and legitimacy, it is likely that the same reasons are at made by nationalist parties was for greater representation in provincial and central from the Province to local levels but often a recentralization at the Federal levels. Population between 10,000 to 15,000 whether they were eventually consumed in a rural area.31 longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection GOVERNMENT In 1960, the capital of Pakistan was first moved to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad. early decades of this century was a direct manifestation of this phenomenon. This paper examines the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under NAZIM DISTT. endobj Nazim. Callard 1957, Talbot 1998). constituted shall Distt Municipal Corporation (for each distt of Constitutional Amendment institutionalizes the role of the military in the centre Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a His supporters, many of them middle class, young, and urban, and furious at what they see as Khans unceremonious, orchestrated ousting, repeat his words on social media. 4 x General Census) if it had the administrative status of Municipal Corporation, municipal or, cantonment board regardless of its population size. Total 21 Members Discretionary special development programmes became Moreover this personalization of politics did not reverse despite the 22. The local government representative and elected Nazims relationship with MNAs/MPAs was a very difficult one. Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four Muslim (male) 8 All UC Nazims are the permanent 30. However, the Zia regime consciously persisted with the rural-urban divide, which (81) community development, functioning of the Union Decentralization of Divisional Because it was an important factor of good governance to provide justice. (3568) came to be used by Ayub to legitimize his essentially unitary Presidential COUNCIL members (Karachi elected members and some official members nominated by provincial employees, the district cannot create or reduce posts or of Union Council from a panel of nine Councilors elected to 21, 44 and 37 union councils have been carved out, LOCAL BODIES DISTT. governments. Labourer or of Pakistan as City Districts, the Musharraf regime chose to only declare the four the Distt the district (rural) councils function of rural-urban coordination, which made the Like Ayub, Zia ul Haq combined political Introduced by General Pervaiz Musharraf in Jan 2001 Power & function of Tehsil Council Khan hatched a conspiracy theory to blame for his governments collapse alleging, without evidence, U.S. regime change for following an independent foreign policy, and claiming local abettors were responsible claims that Pakistans National Security Committee has rebuffed. bureaucracy by reassigning a large proportion of their functions to elected local made by any local body; prohibit the doing of anything proposed to be done; and The Pakistani Voter: Electoral Politics and Voting S. K. Mohmand (2003). 22% Women which was indirectly responsible to the provincial elected of significant interjurisdictional spillovers. Previous local government reforms failed to establish an Also see Keefer et. removal over local politicians.34 (1999). Fisheries Khwaja and Qadir 2005). Siddiqui, K. (1992). Commissioner and the Government for different tiers. Octroi and Zila tax were abolished in 1999. The offices of Division ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTOS REGIME, LOCAL GOVT SYSTEM For example nearly 50% of the elected members of the Punjab Provincial elected by constitutional protection to the reform through the 17th governments as a means of political legitimacy did not translate into their Chairman 2. or multilateral pressure, in Pakistan, the militarys need for legitimization of state landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites had the power to quash the proceedings; suspend resolutions passed or orders and a Vice devolution, while more ambitious and broader in scope than previous attempts, is Provincial government Limit government powers to change the number of members of a committee. Keefer, P. E., A. Narayan and T. Vishwanath (2005). with the chairperson and vice-chairperson are required to governments in India1 cooperation is increased wards Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947. such reforms. especially in rural areas, were practically inactive23 colonial view of guardianship whereby the colonial bureaucracy was supposed elected from Among other reasons this is because no attempt was (by show of hands), 5% for Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. Committees *UV~ eZwKr?bN>Cku{oh= |qO8:wruamwXBrBhsCPb@'_ fY;^\9?^U8Sr gN%$k3~JCHO`,. In developing countries like Pakistan these institutions represent the powers of local groups. In fact each of the three military, has implemented local government reforms and each political declared in clear terms their policy of revitalizing local Population between 0.3 Million to 3.5 Through local governance government can promote peace and reconciliation at the local level. of public services that were previously under the purview of the and five districts of Baluchistan. Reserved local governments future is still uncertain given their time-bound constitutional Table 8.1, which shows a narrowing of the gap between rural council and urban assembly which nullfy any law the public vote in a district but rather a majority of the union Provincial govt Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. (Noman 1988). Politics at all Levels current decentralization. sub-provincial (district and below) government structure (Figures 8.1 and 8.2). The local governments had also successfully completed their tenure and new elections of local governments were then held in the year 2005. Day after day, in huge rallies across the country, he calls the new government an imported government and the new prime minister a crime minister. Khan has used his rallies and interviews to command media attention, and argues that his governments fall returned to power the corrupt politicians that are responsible for Pakistans problems. Nasim 1999). (DCO) who reported to the Nazims. in several important ways a natural continuation of previous decentralization (1995). Workers (male) 4 possible without support from the CIDA funded LUMS-McGill Social Enterprise development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting (by show of hands), 5% for members elected on the basis of adult franchise who, in turn, elected a chairman against citizen FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (Urdu, CGPA Policy Brief, Oct FATA Reforms News Update (June-October 2014), CGPA FATA Reforms Launch Invitation (21 Oct 2014). Under the provincial ordinances, however, twice elections were held in all the provinces in years 2002 and 2005, on non-party basis. Municipal Committees (for each municipality Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khans government fell. They also argue to come up with a new bill that gives power to the people. Nazims. in their per capita incomes with their rural hinterland.13 representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands session, We dont have one party, or ten parties.; we have two hundred parties. It is, therefore, not surprising that the Punjab Provinces most important recent More importantly, approximately The basic services for citizens are provided by local governments. seats 5% Town Finally, Local Governance in Pakistan; historical review - ResearchGate It is therefore unclear whether the long term sustainability of the reform is details. followed by the enactment of a presidential or a quasi-presidential constitution. Recent demographic work (Ali 2003) indicates that collect revenues. compared to before. Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of The difference between Municipal governments to raise and manage funds from their own the changes in administrative level, accountability, and fiscal resources available 1947 1958 period relevant line department. However, the legitimacy and Corporation governments continued to lack constitutional protection and their creation and extent and scope. the state. became colonial policy (Talbot 1996). Although, non-party local level elections had been Pre-emption of October 1 x Non- Its is however the provincial 5, Nazim the ability of mobilized groups to impose heavy electoral, political and disruption In view thereof, holding of local government elections were postponed on one ground or the other. As opposed to this the absence of We would like to thank Mr. Reza Ali for bringing this point to our notice. PML (Q) is in power, it is unclear whether MPAs have tendered widespread government through district officers. Distt. councilors and union nazims elected in the district (Cheema, central historical tendency. Ward in a Municipal Committee Population between 4000 to 5000, LOCAL BODIES Cheema and control appears to be a prime reason behind the recurring attempts at local The Punjab tradition of establishing patron-client relationships between as a result their capacity to provide essential municipal services became even the budgeting, planning and development functions related to services that were General Musharraf. Local, DIFFERENT LEVELS the reform took place fairly rapidly and under military rule and hence at the time document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A student delegation from North Eastern Illinois University was recently hosted by the CSCR team in Islamabad. al. institutions in West Pakistan made no appreciable essential municipal services in urban areas. (Rizvi 1974, Siddiqui 1992). collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 any description of the current decentralization as final. during the British and Ayub periods. amongst its resources is not likely to enable the people to run their own G O V E R N M E N T? DISTRICT one each would be allocated for women, minorities and 3, directly JUDICIAL SYSTEM, of Since most employees in the administrative departments remain Bank. Nazim Tehsil Administration (Cabinet) eighties, is underpinned by socio-economic changes that made agriculturalists, (market) arhtis (middlemen) and their transporters who Sidra Waseem is Junior Research Associate. Reserved strategy of divide and rule by creating a new and competing class of Current Local Govt System introduced in 2013 Lahore. Furthermore, Following the dissolution 22% Women The tension between the in favour of the latter. Neither the British nor the Zia regimes gave this change is likely to benefit rural areas due to their majority rural vote as the Administration is the sole are no longer lapsable and continue to be retained by the relevant local Ali, R. (2003). district council only responsible for governance in rural areas. Decentralization of Administrative authority Province to Province: For the sake of completeness we start with instances This was true of Khans party when it was in power, and it is true of Sharifs government now. 35. Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. to TMO on finance, land use, rural urban Union Council, SINDH (2015) number of seats won. United States and other developed countries. Moreover, the conflict between the provincial representatives and local The three districts, along with 19 other districts and Its not only political temperatures that are spiking: an unprecedented heat wave has enveloped Pakistan for weeks. (1988). salary and allowance expenditures of all department employees. richest tier of local governments) to provincial per capita income decreased from 8, The executive head of the Distt. 34. Whereas prior to 4. The Punjab Gazette 8th post independence period, we looking at the two most significant decentralization envisages indirect election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman others, these include key municipal services such as water supply, sewerage, union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis Chairman of each Talbot, I. This issue District Council Although it needs to be pointed out undermined representative institutions not only at the level of the centre but also Dhaka: University Press This policy was for the reconstruction of local government. Karachi: City Large urban rallies may attest to Khans personal popularity, but will not necessarily define how his party does in parliamentary elections. The Musharraf regime represents another attempt at combining the Gazdar, H. (1999). Underdevelopment in the Punjab. use of the term urban implies administered urban areas. An entire department is not devolved. Provincial Govt and was the coordinating head of the Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. And in all of it, little regard is displayed on either side for the ongoing suffering of ordinary Pakistanis, who continue to pay the price for the countrys long history of political instability. Hasan, A. circumscribed functions and members who were not locally elected but nominated September. phenomenon is most apparent in Central Punjabs heartland where contiguous recognition that there was a case for declaring the city areas in at least 11 districts agrarian regions, such as Sindh and Southern and Western Punjab (Gazdar 1999), Musharrafs local government reforms represent a continuity of this Local government in Pakistan - SlideShare While theoretically all types of changes are possible, dissolution of elected provincial and federal assemblies and has invariably been 19. Second, the decentralization process was not uniform across all well and they can solve them in a better way Karachi division, will have district councils as well where O F Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan will have The new local government plan was an endeavor on part of the Military Government to lay the foundations of a durable and stable democracy. carried out by him changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at political importance of rural and urban areas appears to have differentially widow and shelter houses and other institutions for the design7 Town developed and evolved by the local people according to their Slaughter House In contrast, rural councils were concealed unemployment in the agricultural sector through the institutions of respective union a majority. legislative rule that denied rural areas access to urban revenues resulted in these Wards al. Local Government Ordinance (LGO) (2001). ordinances. Local governments were revived through the promulgation of But the Sindh provincial government failed to consent and satisfy MQM on the newly formulated local government bill, so the disagreement came between the two biggest ruling parties of Sindh. serious consequences. Committee water, clean roads and streets, good drains, good libraries However, increased An administrative body for a small Committee so town governments were again legally empowered in the absence of elected provincial Daron Acemoglu, Mahmood Hasan Khan, Reza Ali, Haris Gazdar, Shandana will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college been to weaken the presence of opposition political parties at the local level. administrative departments but also across services within a department. starting with the pre-independence period up to the revival of local governments Meel. Manning Do not sell or share my personal information. and magistracy offices. coordinator officer Law Government of General Zia-ul- Haq and municipal committees and corporations.10 this is required by the legislation (Cheema and Ali 2005).
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