Germ theory denialism - Wikipedia Some people have examined the images of the dead man and suggested flaws, discrepancies, and tampering. In their 2003 paper "Optimising Public Understanding of Science and Technology in Europe: A Comparative Perspective", Jan Nolin et al. One publication has even speculated that the hygiene hypothesis could be responsible for autism. Reliable sources are needed for any article in Wikipedia. Criticisms of fringe theories should be reported on relative to the visibility, notability, and reliability of the sources that do the criticizing. As we have previously discussed, fringe theories contain premises and ideas that radically differ from the mainstream point of view. At first, Hardouin named the Benedictines as the main culprits behind the forgeries. Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. This branch of fringe science stems from the hypothesis that the human brain is infinitely capable, but certain social and physical factors prohibit us from reaching our full potential. Sufficiently notable for dedicated articles: Not sufficiently notable for dedicated articles: Just because an idea is not accepted by most experts does not mean it should be removed from Wikipedia. Official history teaches us that during World War II, Nazi Germany acted as the aggressor against its erstwhile ally, the Soviet Union. . The idea was promoted by two men, Richard Brothers and John Wilson, who believed that Anglo-Saxons were descended from ancient Scythian tribes. Unfortunately, The FBI has sealed all documents in the case, so it is impossible to determine what really happened. However, there are at least two caveats: not every identified subject matter has its own academic specialization, and the opinion of a scholar whose expertise is in a different field should not be given undue weight. They found that coins, monuments, and other artifacts of that period barely mention anything about Muhammad and Islam. Evolution, The Big Bang Theory, and Continental Drift all began on the fringes of science and todaywhile still debated by someare taken as scientific truth. [2]:161. Primary sources about research and investigations should only be used to verify the text and should not be relied on exclusively as doing so would violate Wikipedia's policies on original research. On October 27, residents noticed a thick, yellowish, and acrid smog cloud hovering over the city. For a fringe view to be discussed in an article about a mainstream idea, independent reliable sources must discuss the relationship of the two as a serious and substantial matter. Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on internal states, such as motivation, problem-solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention. Caution should be exercised when evaluating whether there are enough sources available to write a neutral biography that neither unduly promotes nor denigrates the subject. Since the Shadow Robot Company sounds like a front for an evil organization hell bent on taking over the world, we assume the hand might also be used to strangle any adversaries of the companys managing director, Rich Walker. Supporters of this theory claim that documents exist pointing to the Soviets discussing an attack on Germany. After His death, He escaped the tomb on His own or with the help of His disciples. In fact, its origins are rooted in Bchamp's empirically disproven (in the context of disease) theory of pleomorphism. For example, if the only references to a particular subject are in news sources, then a level of detail which is greater than that which appears in these news sources is inappropriate, because Wikipedia policy prohibits original research. 4.5: Examples of Social Science Theories After exhaustively studying the case, they claimed that Gilles de Rais was truly innocenta victim of circumstantial evidence.. The 10 Most Fascinating (And Terrifying) Fringe Sciences - All That's Superseded theories in science - Wikipedia These physiological features, plus a few others (enlarged brains, empty sinuses, and descended larynxes), constitute concrete proof for supporters of the theory. There are people who are notable enough to have articles included in Wikipedia solely on the basis of their advocacy of fringe beliefs. For example, creationism and creation science should be described primarily as religious and political movements and the fact that claims from those perspectives are disputed by mainstream theologians and scientists should be directly addressed. Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. She is saying due to string theory people lost faith in all sciences. If discussed in an article about a mainstream idea, a theory that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight,[1] and reliable sources must be cited that affirm the relationship of the marginal idea to the mainstream idea in a serious and substantial manner. The idea runs parallel with the fringe theory that the term conspiracy theory was invented by the CIA to discredit people who question media accounts of important events. The theory continues to thrive today among some skeptics, and among believers of other religions, most notably the Ahmadiyya Muslim community. Instead, lets discuss the controversial view that this notorious French serial killer was himself the unfortunate victim of a vast conspiracy to steal his wealth. The mortality rate remained significantly higher than average for many years. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. This feat was verified by sailor Philip Beale. But medications like psychostimulants to treat children with hyperactive disorders, and neurotropics (or smart drugs) have yet to be tested with any real accuracy. He is presented as a person of wisdom, but disrespects his elders. While a lack of peer-reviewed sources does not automatically mean that the subject should be excluded from Wikipedia, there must be adequate reliable sources to allow the subject to be covered in sufficient detail without engaging in original research. Such claims may contain or be followed by qualifiers to maintain neutralitye.g. However, ideas should not be excluded from the encyclopedia simply because they are widely held to be wrong. Top 10 Most Famous Scientific Theories (That Turned out to be Wrong) Critics of the theory say that the odds of being related to a member of the British Royal Family are extremely high. This is the principle of one-way linking for fringe theories. Statements about the truth of a theory must be based upon independent reliable sources. Specifically theories that didn't start out as a scientific/STEM discovery. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Wikipedia. Since that time, the theory has been heavily investigated in the study of allergic disorders. Category:Fringe theory - Wikipedia He was not identified until a group of masked men stole the body from a local funeral home. The point is not only to demonstrate that the heterogeneity of the fringe defies simple classification and dismissal, but also to suggest that focusing on the content of the theories is not the most productive way to understand the durability of fringe science. The fringe theory developed in England during the 17th century and eventually spread to the United States. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Links to non-fringe articles in fringe articles can also help aid the reader in understanding and remove the threat of creating a walled garden. Jointly these say that articles should not contain any novel analysis or synthesis, that material likely to be challenged needs a reliable source, and that all majority and significant-minority views published in reliable sources should be represented fairly and proportionately. Magnetic guidewire steering at ultrahigh magnetic fields | Science Advances How to Spot Pseudoscience Online and IRL | Discover Magazine Wikipedia is not a forum for presenting new ideas, for countering any systemic bias in institutions such as academia, or for otherwise promoting ideas which have failed to merit attention elsewhere. To fight the cold temperature, their bodies eventually became covered with subcutaneous fat. The theft caused police to investigate further and discover that the fingerprints of the dead man matched those of Lazcano. Are there any fringe conspiracy theories developed under democratic Care should be taken not to mislead the reader by implying that, because the claim is actively disputed by only a few, it is otherwise supported. Hardouin believed the group had created the Greek versions solely to corrupt the peoplea plan foiled only by the timely distribution of the Latin version. Reliable sources on Wikipedia may include peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. Articles about fringe theories sourced solely from a single primary source (even when it is peer reviewed) may be excluded from Wikipedia on notability grounds. After the story made headlines, the girl said that she wasnt surprised by the connection because the people seemed to have a common trait of wanting power. Since fringe theories may be obscure topics that few non-adherents write about, there may only be a small number of sources that directly dispute them. If mentioning a fringe theory in another article gives undue weight to the fringe theory, discussion of the fringe theory may be limited, or even omitted altogether. Yet. It presumes that individual behavior represents conscious reasoned choice, and is shaped by cognitive thinking . The sourced contribution must simply aid in the verifiable and neutral presentation of the subject. Fringe views are properly excluded from articles on mainstream subjects to the extent that they are rarely if ever included by reliable sources on those subjects. Many encyclopedic topics can be evaluated from a number of different perspectives, and some of these perspectives may make claims that lack verification in research, that are inherently untestable, or that are pseudoscientific. In 1783, a book titled The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor was published, suggesting that similarities exist between the United States and Israel. It has been estimated that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster released approximately one-tenth of the radiation of the Chernobyl accident. "but restraint should be used with such qualifiers to avoid giving the appearance of an overly harsh or overly critical assessment. If proper attribution cannot be found among reliable sources of an idea's standing, it should be assumed that the idea has not received consideration or acceptance; ideas should not be portrayed as accepted unless such claims can be documented in reliable sources. They are needed to demonstrate that an idea is sufficiently notable to merit a dedicated article about it. In addition, there is an approximate demarcation between pseudoscience and questionable science, and they merit careful treatment. Harold Brooks-Baker was an Anglo-American journalist who became famous for his books on the genealogy of the British Royal family. The book was first translated into Latin by a Dominican friar named Ramon Marti in the 1200s. Carlson's show gave many Fox News viewers what they wanted, she said, including false claims about the 2020 election, COVID vaccines and the Jan. 6 Capitol insurrection, as well as smears against. It is home to the Donora Zinc Works and American Steel & Wire factories. To solve the problem, the Japanese government has decided to build a mile-long impenetrable frozen wall beneath the plant, to prevent groundwater from mixing with contaminated water. This list catalogs well-accepted theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history which have since been superseded by scientific theories.Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. If psychedelic plants have the ability to induce a veritable religious experience, then surely they could also have been instrumental in fast-forwarding our ancestors evolution? According to the so-called swoon theory, Jesus had merely fainted from His injuries or drank a drug that made Him lose consciousness. [4] Poorly conducted research, research fraud and other types of bad science are not necessarily pseudoscientific refer to reliable sources to find the appropriate characterisation. Fringe science is a branch of science that departs from the established scientific theories. For example, fringe theories in science depart significantly from mainstream science and have little or no scientific support. She also finds it fair that credentialed scientists do not bother spending a lot of time learning about and explaining problems with the fringe theories of uncredentialed scientists, since the authors of those theories have not taken the time to understand the mainstream theories they aim to disprove. The problem with pseudoscience - EMBO Press It has expanded to suggest that human exposure to bacteria is important for immune system development. Advertisement Coins. McKenna based this theory mainly on his own experienceduring his lifetime, he personally indulged in numerous psychedelic substances. A concept that was once accepted by the mainstream scientific community may become fringe science because of a later evaluation of previous research. [2] :58 [3] The general public has difficulty distinguishing . 30 Interesting Scientific Theories: McGovern adds that our ancestorsdespite not knowing chemistrywere perfectly capable of manufacturing beer through constant experimentation. They possessed excellent sailing skills and built bigger ships than the ones used by Columbus. To determine whether something is pseudoscientific or merely an alternative theoretical formulation, consider this: Alternative theoretical formulations generally tweak things on the frontiers of science, or deal with strong, puzzling evidencewhich is difficult to explain awayin an effort to create a model that better explains reality. For this reason, notability guidelines for fringe topics are stricter than general notability guidelines: the notability of a fringe theory must be judged by statements from verifiable and reliable sources, not the proclamations of its adherents. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Antecedents from the 1930s Supporters of this idea state that the Phoenicians certainly had the means to carry out transatlantic voyages. He was scheduled to travel to Russia two days after his death. For example, the Moon landing conspiracy theories article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer reviewed. The victims were given knives, hammers, and machetes to protect themselves. 10 Ways Fringe Science Improved The World - Listverse Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong. It can include work done to the appropriate level of scholarship in a field of study but only supported by a minority of practitioners, to more dubious work. In the documentary, presidential candidate George H.W. However, supporters of the theory bring up three counter-arguments that could have helped Jesus survive his ordeal. If no independent reliable sources connect a particular fringe theory to a mainstream subject, there should not even be a link through a see also section, lest the article serve as a coatrack. The theory is often referred to as the Franklin Forgery, but has found acceptance in the Arab and Palestinian media. In 1937, Jewish scholar Hugh J. Schonfield published a book that suggested the Toledot was older than originally thought and may be the Gospel of the Hebrews. The document has fallen out of popularity but remains a point of controversy in the Christian faith. We use the term fringe theory in a very broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or mainstream views in its particular field. Likewise, views of adherents should not be excluded from an article on creation science solely on the basis that their work lacks peer review. In the end, the media failed to report on his success and Agran failed to get recognized. Some scholars have suggested the book was put together no earlier than the sixth century, while the earliest mention of the book is thought to have come from the year 826. Wikipedia primarily focuses on the state of knowledge today, documenting the past when appropriate (identifying it as such), and avoiding speculation about the future. We humans have been using drugs in an attempt to access our whole brains for about as long as weve been on this planet. Although they are still theories debated by some, they have come to be accepted as legitimate theories. Wikipedia:Fringe theories - Wikipedia The documentary concludes that certain US presidential candidates have been selected and promoted to win elections, while others are threatened, accosted, and ignored by the media. Some historical ideas that are considered to have been refuted by mainstream science are: Relatively recent fringe sciences include: Some theories that were once rejected as fringe science, but were eventually accepted as mainstream science, are: Michael W. Friedlander has suggested some guidelines for responding to fringe science, which, he argues, is a more difficult problem[2]:174 than scientific misconduct. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.[9]. : Fringe science. To back up this claim, proponents state that the narrative of ancient Japanese history essentially mirrors the Jewish one. She describes all of them as trying to make sense of the world using the scientific method, but in the face of not being able to understand the complex theories of modern science. He was also familiar with explosives and grenade-launchers. Academic and peer-reviewed publications are usually the most reliable sources in areas where they are available, but material from reliable non-academic sources may also be used in these areas. Not only that, he contended that the Bible, particularly the New Testament, was originally written in Latin. In general, Wikipedia should always give prominence to established lines of research found in reliable sources and present neutral descriptions of other claims with respect to their historical, scientific, and cultural prominence.
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