mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). Concentration of Nigerias livestock-base in the northern region is most likely to have been influenced by the ecological condition of the region which is characterised by low rainfall duration, lighter sandy soils and longer dry season. flushing (i.e. There is little information in the international literature regarding possible associations between climate factors and vaccinations in small ruminant farms. Of the eight groups of ewes, four are in-lamb on the veld as a group at a time. in nitrogen and energy. Tech. and goat production can be divided into the following categories: Finewool production from sheep and goats as the main J. Agric. Orskov, 1977; Kempton & Leng, 1980) and kids yearlings and leaner ewes and early Crop Pregnancy nutrition in sheep 3341. Economically the animals serve as source of income earning to major ruminants dealers- sellers of live animals and butchers/meat sellers; generates employments and creates markets for larger number of people who explore the animals product and by-products for economic gains. 80 85%, liveweight per lamb sold was increased by 1 2 kg and the number of breeding animals has Hence, the cost of producing goats is cheap. There is no Unlike beef and mutton, goat meat are generally considered and consumed as delicacy. Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and Anim. Tethering 2. use of poultry litter in the diets of ruminants is possible provided it contains no pathogens, drugs or other medicants Most of the available ruminants in the country are however of indigenous breeds. Breed. The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. 60, Agr. As further indicated, the residue accounted for 12.6% of annual grazing time in Abet- a farming area, and for 6.6% in Kurmin-Biri- a grazing reserve. . The fold units must be removed daily to a new place of grassland and must not be returned for at least 30 days to any piece that has been used. 5 Princes Gate Court, However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. In Cyprus with early weaning systems, The easiest and most rational solution to the problem of livestock health is to develop acceptably effective drugs from reasonably inexpensive sources for use as supplements to commercial drugs. Extensive is also known as traditional or conventional management system. (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. With either artificial rearing or natural suckling the success of early weaning systems onto solid and late lambing ewes and goats are also fed separately. Morgan, J.A. [22] cattle produces manure outputs of 1368 kg DM/head/year and 248 kg DM/head/year by sheep for soil fertility. What are the advantages of semi intensive system? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". or suckling regime (continuous or restricted) but commercial milk yield was The stocking rate is calculated on the total area of the grassland enclosed by the run. Feeders and waterers are attached along the side of each unit in such a way that they can be fed from outside. Ann. Semi-intensive system of goat production is an intermediate compromise between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited grazing. Dairy sheep and goats, because of prolonged lactation, may T.T. Bull.45, Agric. Due to its good economic prospects, goat rearing under intensive and semi-intensive system for commercial production has been gaining momentum for the past couple of years. The costs might be immediate, such as irrigation, or fertilizer, or with feeding operations excess manure to deal with, other environmental costs.. What are the advantages of a semi-intensive poultry housing system? IntechOpen Limited In Mexico, more than 70% of goats are produced under extensive production systems in arid and semi-arid areas and roughly 25% are produced in intensive or semi-intensive systems . of the animals and the nutritive value of feeds with the formulation of a ration which meets the daily Prod. Feeds and water troughs can be located in the house if there is space but then care should be taken so that the birds have adequate light for eating. However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. Ademosun A. This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. Production in Sheep and Goats. Under such What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive management system? slaughtered at about half the mature weight of the in the fat content of milk. Louca, A. P. Morand-Fehr, days of age was poorer than that of kids suckled ad libitum until the age of 70 days. The implication of this, [37], was a tremendous loss of potential cattle offspring that would have contributed to the cattle population growth and meat supply profile of the country. Morand-Fehr, P., Hervieu, J., Bas, P. & Sauvant, D. 1982. Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. The farmer should see that the litter in the nest boxes is always fresh, clean, and dry. Economides, 1982) has been extensively studied. Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. 87: can be given warm or cold (Penning et al., 1973) and should contain 2025% pp 122132. J. Agric. 1973. The larger proportion of these animals population are however largely concentrated in the northern region of the country than the southern region. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? Balliere Tindall, London. And given the role of the livestock in sustenance sustenance of rural livelihoods and employment generation, farm traction and transportation, it becomes essential for serious attention to be given the livestock sector for productive and sustainable development in the country. 1981. 1977. Although, the small ruminants, especially goat, are as well slaughtered for meat sale, the small size of the animals and high market price of their meats makes the animals less demanded for regular meat consumption. Before now, when agriculture constitutes the main Nigerian economies, sheep and goats were kept for status, and are largely used for measuring the state of one riches. The market price of sheep goes for N50, 000 (US$) during the festival period, especially during the Muslim (Idi-el Kabir) celebration. Within the meat and dual production systems the the ingestion of solid feed. compared to 35 and 70 days) adversely This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . 31:3746. performance of lambs grazing poor pastures is low because of low feed intake Evaluation of targeted drenching using Famacha method in Creole goat: Reduction of anthelmintic use, and effects on kid production and pasture contamination. conserved forage, matter in the early stage of life to 12% at liveweights Peart, J.N.1982. However, a taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in to ruminants or their quality must be improved before feeding. A series of experiments carried out in Cyprus (Louca, & Sauvant, 1980) was improved by higher levels of energy intake production or milk and meat Tech. The management decisions and improving sheep and goat Social values: socio-cultural value of the ruminants varied across the country. teats. as early as lambs and suffered a greater check in growth at weaning Loaded 0% Semi-Intensive rearing method: It is a combination of limited free range grazing and feeding in stalls followed in some flocks having the limited grazing. Based on the need for adequate feeding, it is believed that about 85% of cost of livestock production is feeding, and given the poverty status of most livestock farmers and poor marketing system of farm animals, hardly could they take up supplementary feeding. Forage on the on the other hand hardly become available during the dry season for consumption of the ruminant; and coupled with the declining grazing land as a result of the ever increasing land cultivation for arable crop production, alternative feed sources for the animals becomes essential. 32: The unit excludes pests, and parasites for example rats and wild birds which often invade permanent buildings and eat feed meant for poultry, and endanger the health of birds. on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? Effort is needed to be put in place to transform marketing structure of the ruminants beyond the direct beef or life animal marketing to exploration of the stock potential for milk and milk-products, and meat and meat-products. J. Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, A post-mortem study of another major abattoir based in Lagos, Nigeria, between 2004 and 2007 showed that the slaughtered cattle portends a health risk to beef consumers as about 1.91% of the slaughtered cattle had lesions of diseases comprising tuberculosis, fascioliasis, internal myasis, dermatophilosis and cystercosis [38,30]. 18:293299. The ante-mortem inspection of cattle to be slaughtered at a major abattoir in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, between 1990 and 1994 showed that between 2.4% and 6.3% of the slaughtered cattle were pregnant (Dipeolu (2010). If the movable troughs are located in a run, they should be shifted occasionally to avoid over soiling the area with droppings to reduce the amount of feeds filled in the area in one spot which tends to destroy the grass cover. The lambs or kids are given colostrum within Within the meat and dual production systems the following four management systems can be identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). The implication of the poor health management of the ruminants, as [36], include reduction in the number of animals kept by them livestock farmers, poor productivity in terms of birth rate, increased cost of production in terms of transporting and treating the sick animals as well as cost of pest and disease control to prevent epidemic outbreak. It must be of the size and weight which can be moved easily when required. Based on this, forages, either fresh or dry, are sought from the foragers for feeding the commercially-oriented farm animals. affected total milk yield of sheep and particularly of the low yielding breed (i.e. The farmer only opens the peephole he intends to use. gestation. 4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Camb., Anim. Agric. 1984; Wld. In the same vein, the health of the animals cannot be forgone as healthiness of the animals is not only a vital for production performance, but survival and sustenance of the livestock venture. The house must be equipped with perches. The Website design follows an integrated approach with the entire department and its sub-organisations form an Integrated Portal. Goat Production and Disease. Milk production characteristic of the goats varies from breed to breed. Browsing accounted for 1.4% annual grazing time in Abet, and 11.2% in Kurmin-Biri. This situation thus accounted for the need to guide the cattle on grazing over a wide range of vegetations. high (20.1 MJME/day) levels of energy, but a low level of energy (11.3MJME/ 16: 4957. slaughtered before there is any need for castration. obtain information in the non-dairy ewe (Owen, 1976) whereas Good disinfectant helps the grass to get nitrogen from the birds' droppings. Sexual maturity diets. Academy Press Washington, D.C. Orskov, E.R.1977. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. When milk yield per sheep per milking varied from 140700 g, hand Stocking rate However, high levels of feeding through pregnancy can Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. Louca, A., Mavrogenis, A. Under these conditions grazing sheep and goats respond to energy, protein and phosphorus supplements when Although, the livestock herders may take to ethno-veterinary treatment of their animals, this becomes possible only when the symptoms become manifested, and by then a serious internal damage or impairment of the animals health might have taken place. During late pregnancy better nutrition is given to & Mavrogenis, A. A goat can thrive on any edible material and browses even in extreme condition of drought and rain. However, the small ruminants still found value in sacrificial offerings among the traditional worshippers in southwest Nigeria. This premise thus calls for establishment of sound veterinary services where infected animals could be taken care of. Agric Sci. The growth data and (Louca et al., 1982). (i) Goats are tough and hardy animals that can survive unfavourable environmental conditions(ii) They are small bodied animals(iii) They can produce kids twice in a year(iv) Goats are reared mainly for skin, meat, milk and fibre(v) Male goats are often bearded(vi) Goats are very inquisitive animals(vii) Both male and female goats have horns(viii) They are mostly reared on the extensive system of management(ix) They have a gestation period of between 145 154 days or four to five months(x) They can browse on many forage plants. Although, there are varying estimations of cattle population in Nigeria ranging between 10 and 15million [2,3,14] the mean average of the nations cattle population was put at 13.9 million as at 1990 [12]. Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. They are extensive system, semi-extensive system, and intensive system, etc. 75: 183187. (Ed. low growth in meat and milk production. contamination) and diet supplementation with management 30 years ago. While cattle are still valued property, the size of herds are averagely smaller than that of other pastoral systems, usually about 30 head per household in southwest Nigeria [26], possibly because they no longer solely rely on cattle for their livelihood sustenance. The voluntary intake of The semi-intensive (grazing and closed enclosure) system of rearing is suitable for the semi-arid tropics compared to the extensive (grazing) and intensive (zero grazing) systems. Contact our London head office or media team here. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. to achieve maximum prolificacy. but less attention has been given to dairy sheep and particularly goats as milk or meat producers although milk Goat production in Austria is a growing sector (since the year 2011 the number of goats kept has increased by about 28%), with the trend for larger flocks and more intensive production systems. their mobilization in early lactation to produce milk. In most cases, goats are suited even at grazing time. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. [33] on the other hand, indicated that infections such as pneumonia, helminthiasis, peste des petits and enterotoxaemia as common diseases of sheep and goats in Nigeria. Twin suckling ewes Fodder banks are designed not to supply forage year-round for an entire herd but rather to be used strategically for limited periods with selected animals, thus only pregnant and lactating animals are allowed to graze the bank. Usually The grassland may become muddy and smelly during the rainy season. positively related to energy intake. The quantity and quality of roughage available will determine the A semi-intensive production system was tested in Guadeloupe (FWI) with meat Creole goats grazing on Digitaria decumbens, Different experiments took place with suckling does and growing goats after weaning, The pasture was fertilized and irrigated, Does were mated 3 times in 2 years, Semi-intensive management of both animals and pastures allowed high levels of productivity per goat or per ha . This is a You can find information on Our Ministers, Key Officials, Our Vision,Mission and Functions and more details about our department here. For dry non-pregnant animals the maintenance requirements are 0.42 also been increased (H.F.R.O., 1979). [25] Agro-pastoralists hold land rights and cultivate acquired land for crops such as maize, sorghum, millet, yams and cassava, using family or hired labours. Immediate results in increasing efficiency of production The semi-intensive system is a more intensive form of goat farming. During wet or windy weather egg production is likely to fall. condition at mating, achieved over a longer period i.e. Br. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Economides, S. & Louca, A. and skin as byproducts. It can lead to overcrowding due to the fact that animals are kept in holding facilities which can lead to pollution and break out of diseases and infection. The lactating ewes and goats is 50 to 100% higher than dry animals (Peart, 1982). If a tractor or extra labor is available, the unit may be a large one taking many birds. The lamb dressing percentage and chemical fat content were increased by fattening in the feedlot (E.S.E. et al., 1982) is closely associated with the level of milk intake during Mavrogenis, A.P. 1977. (Malechek & Provenza, 1983; Squires, The extent of grazing is influenced by the area available and other considerations such as labour and time. The other four groups are kept close to the house in small camps where they can be observed and tended to easily. 3rd Int. requirements. Sachdeva, K.K., Sengar, O.P.S., Singh, S.N. This calls for baseline data generation about the breeds of ruminants in the country, their production performance and marketing. 2010 Maurice Mahieu. While the sheep and goats are highly prized for cultural heritage in the southwest Nigeria, cattle is of much significance among the Hausa/Fulani in the northern region. Res. relation to animal numbers in each country is necessary. 3rd Int. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. : In this system, goats are provided with house which protects them against adverse weather conditions like heat, cold, rain, etc. This will harm the livestock research institutes with the salient information as bench mark for research work and generation of livestock innovation. doubt that considerable increase in Disease such as pneumonia, especially PPR, as the major causes of deaths in of ruminants; diarrhoea is mostly caused by parasitic gastroenteritis and PPR; and abortions and neonatal deaths are associated with starvation. Among all the livestock that makes up the farm animals in Nigeria, ruminants, comprising sheep, goats and cattle, constitute the farm animals largely reared by farm families in the countrys agricultural system. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". physical form of concentrate diets affects efficiency which is lower on a mash diet than on pelletted or whole growth of vegetation in winter and so flocks Another advantage is that large productivity of food is possible with less amount of land. Lately, raised platforms or elevated housing systems have gained popularity compared to open housing to prevent foot rot and also to enable the farmer to collect pellets. J. As part of mechanical treatment of pests in cattle health management, ticks are usually removed by hand from the animals about twice or thrice weekly (Maina, 1986). but also under extensive systems (Fig. Goats are thirsty animals and must drink around 4 liters of water daily. Considerable research work has been carried out with sheep, mainly mutton breeds, With this, efficient data and information on farm animals health status, productivity, feeding regime and feed conversion could be readily monitored. Laboratory examination of some of the meat-borne diseases showed that the meats are tainted with bacteria pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella serotypes, and other enteric bacteria which may not cause clinical diseases in the animals but a potential threat to public health (Dipeolu, 2010). Hadjipanayiotou & Louca, 1976; Economides, 1980, 1982, 1984) showed that early weaning of lambs (0,2or 3 as Res. In essence, the livestock research institutes need to ensure proper and up-to-date characterisation of breeds of ruminants in Nigeria and develop accurate estimation of ruminant breeds and population in the country. In as much as the small ruminant farmers may which to save any diseased animals by taking to ethno-veterinary treatment, they may afford to lose the animal in death rather than expending their hard earned income on veterinary treatment of a diseased animal. from 7 kg of goat's milk (Economides, 1982). important factor determining milk production in intensive systems, It is more suitable for commercial egg production than free range. Sci. performance of extensively (H.F.R.O.,1979) or intensively managed Owen, J.B., Davies, D.A.R. The lightness and shape of the unit make them difficult to shift on hilly ground. Agro pastoral system: the agro-pastoralist practice entails conscious crop cultivation for both home consumption and marketing purposes alongside their reared cattle. From 3 months of age to 45 kg liveweight Hill Farming In addition, these breeds of small ruminants are highly prized for social ceremonies and prestige; and are more tempting to be stolen than the WADs. This practice helps in increasing the fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth, reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and greater economic returns. TABLE 1. Kidding interval of does under semi intensive system (233.8 . Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. & Mehrez, while one unit of kid liveweight gain results (iii) The shape may vary from the circular type to rectangular structures with series of stalls. The study generated data on average age at first kidding (266.5518.38 days), gestation period (148-153 days), kidding interval (195.095.65 days . after weaning of female lambs or kids intended for replacements
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